MIT Dual-Mode Rocket System for Small Satellites

Researchers at MIT have developed a dual-mode rocket propulsion system that integrates chemical and electric thrusters into a single, compact unit. By utilizing a shared propellant, specifically the Advanced SpaceCraft Energetic Non-Toxic (ASCENT) ionic liquid, this technology allows small satellites to perform both high-thrust maneuvers and efficient long-distance travel, significantly enhancing their operational flexibility for deep-space missions. The primary objective of this innovation is to overcome the size and weight constraints inherent in CubeSats, which are typically limited by their small form factor. By eliminating the need for separate fuel tanks and propulsion systems, the MIT team aims to enable cost-effective, high-capability exploration of destinations like Mars or the asteroid belt, while also improving mission performance for Earth-based applications such as weather and climate monitoring. The system leverages electrospray thrusters, which are thumbnail-sized devices that use electric fields to accelerate ions from a liquid propellant. The successful testing of ASCENT as a dual-purpose fuel demonstrates that this environmentally friendly, non-toxic propellant can provide performance comparable to traditional ionic liquids while supporting the dual-mode functionality required for complex space maneuvers. This technology is scheduled for its first in-space demonstration in November 2026 via NASA's Green Propulsion Dual Mode mission. The successful deployment of this system will provide a scalable, flexible, and affordable platform for future interplanetary exploration, allowing small satellites to adapt their propulsion strategy based on specific mission requirements.